LUMIN¶
Lumin Unifies Many Improvements for Networks
LUMIN is a deep-learning and data-analysis ecosystem for High-Energy Physics, and perhaps other scientific domains in the future. Similar to Keras and fastai it is a wrapper framework for a graph computation library (PyTorch), but includes many useful functions to handle domain-specific requirements and problems. It also intends to provide easy access to to state-of-the-art methods, but still be flexible enough for users to inherit from base classes and override methods to meet their own demands.
Package Description¶
Distinguishing Characteristics¶
Data objects¶
Use with large datasets: HEP data can become quite large, making training difficult:
The
FoldYielder
class provides on-demand access to data stored in HDF5 format, only loading into memory what is required.Conversion from ROOT and CSV to HDF5 is easy to achieve using (see examples)
FoldYielder
provides conversion methods to PandasDataFrame
for use with other internal methods and external packages
Non-network-specific methods expect Pandas
DataFrame
allowing their use without having to convert toFoldYielder
.
Deep learning¶
PyTorch > 1.0
Inclusion of recent deep learning techniques and practices, including:
Dynamic learning rate, momentum, beta_1:
Cyclical, Smith, 2015
Cosine annealed Loschilov & Hutter, 2016
1-cycle, Smith, 2018
HEP-specific data augmentation during training and inference
Advanced ensembling methods:
Snapshot ensembles Huang et al., 2017
Fast geometric ensembles Garipov et al., 2018
Stochastic Weight Averaging Izmailov et al., 2018
Learning Rate Finders, Smith, 2015
Entity embedding of categorical features, Guo & Berkhahn, 2016
Label smoothing Szegedy et al., 2015
Running batchnorm fastai 2019
Flexible architecture construction:
ModelBuilder
takes parameters and modules to yield networks on-demandNetworks constructed from modular blocks:
Head - Takes input features
Body - Contains most of the hidden layers
Tail - Scales down the body to the desired number of outputs
Endcap - Optional layer for use post-training to provide further computation on model outputs; useful when training on a proxy objective
Easy loading and saving of pre-trained embedding weights
Modern architectures like:
Residual and dense(-like) networks (He et al. 2015 & Huang et al. 2016)
Graph nets for physics objects, e.g. Battaglia, Pascanu, Lai, Rezende, Kavukcuoglu, 2016, Moreno et al., 2019, and Qasim, Kieseler, Iiyama, & Pierini, 2019, with optional self-attention Vaswani et al., 2017.
Recurrent layers for series of objects
1D convolutional networks for series of objects
Squeeze-excitation blocks Hu, Shen, Albanie, Sun, & Wu, 2017
HEP-specific architectures, e.g. LorentzBoostNetworks Erdmann, Geiser, Rath, Rieger, 2018
Configurable initialisations, including LSUV Mishkin, Matas, 2016
HEP-specific losses, e.g. Asimov loss Elwood & Krücker, 2018
Exotic training schemes, e.g. Learning to Pivot with Adversarial Networks Louppe, Kagan, & Cranmer, 2016
Easy training and inference of ensembles of models:
Default training method
fold_train_ensemble
, trains a specified number of models as well as just a single modelEnsemble
class handles the (metric-weighted) construction of an ensemble, its inference, saving and loading, and interpretation
Easy exporting of models to other libraries via Onnx
Use with CPU and NVidia GPU
Evaluation on domain-specific metrics such as Approximate Median Significance via
EvalMetric
classfastai-style callbacks and stateful model-fitting, allowing training, models, losses, and data to be accessible and adjustable at any point
Feature selection methods¶
Dendrograms of feature-pair monotonicity
Feature importance via auto-optimised SK-Learn random forests
Mutual dependence (via RFPImp)
Automatic filtering and selection of features
Interpretation¶
Feature importance for models and ensembles
Embedding visualisation
1D & 2D partial dependency plots (via PDPbox)
Plotting¶
Variety of domain-specific plotting functions
Unified appearance via
PlotSettings
class - class accepted by every plot function providing control of plot appearance, titles, colour schemes, et cetera
Universal handling of sample weights¶
HEP events are normally accompanied by weight characterising the acceptance and production cross-section of that particular event, or to flatten some distribution.
Relevant methods and classes can take account of these weights.
This includes training, interpretation, and plotting
Expansion of PyTorch losses to better handle weights
Parameter optimisation¶
Optimal learning rate via cross-validated range tests Smith, 2015
Quick, rough optimisation of random forest hyper parameters
Generalisable Cut & Count thresholds
1D discriminant binning with respect to bin-fill uncertainty
Statistics and uncertainties¶
Integral to experimental science
Quantitative results are accompanied by uncertainties
Use of bootstrapping to improve precision of statistics estimated from small samples
Look and feel¶
LUMIN aims to feel fast to use - liberal use of progress bars mean you’re able to always know when tasks will finish, and get live updates of training
Guaranteed to spark joy (in its current beta state, LUMIN may instead ignite rage, despair, and frustration - dev.)
Notes¶
Why use LUMIN¶
TMVA contained in CERN’s ROOT system, has been the default choice for BDT training for analysis and reconstruction algorithms due to never having to leave ROOT format. With the gradual move to DNN approaches, more scientists are looking to move their data out of ROOT to use the wider selection of tools which are available. Keras appears to be the first stop due to its ease of use, however implementing recent methods in Keras can be difficult, and sometimes requires dropping back to the tensor library that it aims to abstract. Indeed, the prequel to LUMIN was a similar wrapper for Keras (HEPML_Tools) which involved some pretty ugly hacks. The fastai framework provides access to these recent methods, however doesn’t yet support sample weights to the extent that HEP requires. LUMIN aims to provide the best of both, Keras-style sample weighting and fastai training methods, while focussing on columnar data and providing domain-specific metrics, plotting, and statistical treatment of results and uncertainties.
Data types¶
LUMIN is primarily designed for use on columnar data, and from version 0.5 onwards this also includes matrix data; ordered series and un-ordered groups of objects. With some extra work it can be used on other data formats, but at the moment it has nothing special to offer. Whilst recent work in HEP has made use of jet images and GANs, these normally hijack existing ideas and models. Perhaps once we get established, domain specific approaches which necessitate the use of a specialised framework, then LUMIN could grow to meet those demands, but for now I’d recommend checking out the fastai library, especially for image data.
With just one main developer, I’m simply focussing on the data types and applications I need for my own research and common use cases in HEP. If, however you would like to use LUMIN’s other methods for your own work on other data formats, then you are most welcome to contribute and help to grow LUMIN to better meet the needs of the scientific community.
Future¶
The current priority is to improve the documentation, add unit tests, and expand the examples.
The next step will be to try to increase the user base and number of contributors. I’m aiming to achieve this through presentations, tutorials, blog posts, and papers.
Further improvements will be in the direction of implementing new methods and (HEP-specific) architectures, as well as providing helper functions and data exporters to statistical analysis packages like Combine and PYHF.
Contributing & feedback¶
Contributions, suggestions, and feedback are most welcome! The issue tracker on this repo is probably the best place to report bugs et cetera.
Code style¶
Nope, the majority of the code-base does not conform to PEP8. PEP8 has its uses, but my understanding is that it primarily written for developers and maintainers of software whose users never need to read the source code. As a maths-heavy research framework which users are expected to interact with, PEP8 isn’t the best style. Instead, I’m aiming to follow more the style of fastai, which emphasises, in particular, reducing vertical space (useful for reading source code in a notebook) naming and abbreviating variables according to their importance and lifetime (easier to recognise which variables have a larger scope and permits easier writing of mathematical operations). A full list of the abbreviations used may be found in abbr.md
Why is LUMIN called LUMIN?¶
Aside from being a recursive acronym (and therefore the best kind of acronym) lumin is short for ‘luminosity’. In high-energy physics, the integrated luminosity of the data collected by an experiment is the main driver in the results that analyses obtain. With the paradigm shift towards multivariate analyses, however, improved methods can be seen as providing ‘artificial luminosity’; e.g. the gain offered by some DNN could be measured in terms of the amount of extra data that would have to be collected to achieve the same result with a more traditional analysis. Luminosity can also be connected to the fact that LUMIN is built around the python version of Torch.
Who develops LUMIN¶
LUMIN is primarily developed by Giles Strong; a British-born doctor in particle physics, researcher at INFN-Padova (Italy), and a member of the CMS collaboration at CERN, and a founding member of the MODE Collaboration (differentiable optimisation for detector design).
As LUMIN has grown, it has welcomed contributions from members of the scientific and software development community. Check out the contributors page for a complete list.
Certainly more developers and contributors are welcome to join and help out!
Reference¶
If you have used LUMIN in your analysis work and wish to cite it, the preferred reference is: Giles C. Strong, LUMIN, Zenodo (Mar. 2019), https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2601857, Note: Please check https://github.com/GilesStrong/lumin/graphs/contributors for the full list of contributors
@misc{giles_chatham_strong_2019_2601857,
author = {Giles Chatham Strong},
title = {LUMIN},
month = mar,
year = 2019,
note = {{Please check https://github.com/GilesStrong/lumin/graphs/contributors for the full list of contributors}},
doi = {10.5281/zenodo.2601857},
url = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2601857}
}